Understanding JFK’s Vietnam Withdrawal and LBJ’s Decisions

The assertion that LBJ reversed Kennedy's Vietnam withdrawal strategy is a common misconception. However, a detailed analysis of National Security Action Memoranda (NSAM) 263 and 273 reveals a nuanced understanding of Kennedy's policies and LBJ's subsequent actions.

The Origins of Withdrawal: NSAM 263

On October 11, 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed NSAM 263, which marked a significant step in the withdrawal of U.S. military personnel from Vietnam. Interestingly, this decision was based on a meeting held on October 5, 1963, where the military recommendations were approved, but a formal announcement was intentionally delayed. By the end of 1963, approximately 1000 American military personnel were to be withdrawn as part of a broader strategy to reduce U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

The Context of NSAM 263

At the time, there were about 16,000 Americans stationed in Vietnam. NSAM 263 indicated a commitment to withdraw around 1000 troops, a move that was more symbolic than a dramatic reduction in total troop numbers. The policy aimed to signal a shift in the U.S. approach, emphasizing a more measured and potentially diplomatic resolution to the conflict.

Post-Kennedy Trajectory: NSAM 273

The assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963, led to a complex transition period in U.S. policy in Vietnam. Shortly after, a meeting was held in Honolulu involving Ambassador Lodge and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy, which influenced the drafting of NSAM 273.

Continuity of Policy: NSAM 273

The second paragraph of NSAM 273, which states: '2. The objectives of the United States with respect to the withdrawal of U.S. military personnel remain as stated in the White House statement of October 2, 1963,' is critical in understanding the continuity of policy. Despite the brief delay and the subsequent meetings, NSAM 273 aligned with Kennedy's intentions rather than introducing new, reversed policies.

Symbolism and Reality: The Withdrawal Plan

The withdrawal plan as outlined in NSAM 263 and committed to in NSAM 273 was more about perceptual change than actual troop reduction. The Pentagon Papers note that the withdrawal was intended as a part of normal turnover cycles and additional deployments authorized during the fall of 1963. Therefore, the absolute number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam did not decrease; the withdrawal was more about 'creative bookkeeping' aimed at signaling a change in strategy.

Conclusion

Understanding the nuances of JFK's Vietnam withdrawal and LBJ's subsequent decisions is crucial for a comprehensive grasp of U.S. foreign policy during this period. NSAM 263 and 273 highlight the complex and often ambiguous nature of political and military strategies, underscoring the importance of historical context and detailed analysis in understanding historical events.